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Plant evolutionary history influences the taxonomic composition of the root-associated bacterial community, but whether it can also modulate its functioning is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that crop diversification is a significant factor determining the ecology of the functional group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria the rhizosphere of Poaceae. A greenhouse experiment was carried out using a range of Poaceae, i.e. four  Zea mays  varieties (from two genetic groups) and teosinte (representing maize’s ancestor), sorghum (from the same  Panicoideae  subfamily), and wheat (from neighboring  Pooideae  subfamily), as well as the dicot tomato as external reference. Diazotroph rhizosphere community was characterized at 21 days in terms of size (quantitative PCR of  nifH  genes), composition (T-RFLP and partial sequencing of  nifH  alleles) and functioning (quantitative RT-PCR, T-RFLP and partial sequencing of  nifH  transcripts). Plant species and varieties had a significant effect on diazotroph community size and the number of  nifH  transcripts per root system. Contrarily to expectations, however, there was no relation between Poaceae evolutionary history and the size, diversity or expression of the rhizosphere diazotroph community. These results suggest a constant selection of this functional group through evolution for optimization of nitrogen fixation in the rhizosphere.

Is plant evolutionary history impacting recruitment of diazotrophs and nifH expression in the rhizosphere?