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Campylobacteriosis has increased markedly in Luxembourg during recent years. We sought to determine which  Campylobacter  genotypes infect humans, where they may originate from, and how they may infect humans. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on 1153  Campylobacter jejuni  and 136  C. coli  human strains to be attributed to three putative animal reservoirs (poultry, ruminants, pigs) and to environmental water using the asymmetric island model. A nationwide case-control study (2010–2013) for domestic campylobacteriosis was also conducted, including 367  C. jejuni  and 48  C. coli  cases, and 624 controls. Risk factors were investigated by  Campylobacter  species, and for strains attributed to different sources using a combined case-control and source attribution analysis. 282 sequence types (STs) were identified: ST-21, ST-48, ST-572, ST-50 and ST-257 were prevailing. Most cases were attributed to poultry (61.2%) and ruminants (33.3%). Consuming chicken outside the home was the dominant risk factor for both  Campylobacter  species. Newly identified risk factors included contact with garden soil for either species, and consuming beef specifically for  C. coli . Poultry-associated campylobacteriosis was linked to poultry consumption in wintertime, and ruminant-associated campylobacteriosis to tap-water provider type. Besides confirming chicken as campylobacteriosis primary source, additional evidence was found for other reservoirs and transmission routes.

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Human Campylobacteriosis in Luxembourg, 2010–2013: A Case-Control Study Combined with Multilocus Sequence Typing for Source Attribution and Risk Factor Analysis