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Fusarium and Verticillium wilts, two of the most important diseases in cotton, pose serious threats to cotton production. Here we introduced a novel antimicrobial protein  Hcm1 , which comprised  h arpin protein from  Xanthomonas oryzae  pv.  oryzicola  ( Xoc ), and the chimeric protein, cecropin A-melittin, into cotton. The transgenic cotton lines with stable  Hcm1  expression showed a higher resistance to Verticillium and Fusarium wilts both in greenhouse and field trials compared to controls.  Hcm1  enabled the transgenic cotton to produced a microscopic hypersensitive response (micro-HR), reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, and caused the activation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in response to biotic stress, indicating that the transgenic cotton was in a primed state and ready to protect the host from pathogenic infection. Simultaneously, Hcm1 protein inhibited the growth of  Verticillium dahliae  ( V. dahliae ) and  Fusarium oxysporum  ( F. oxysporum )  in vitro . The spread of fungal biomass was also inhibited  in vivo  since the  V. dahliae  biomass was decreased dramatically in transgenic cotton plants after inoculation with  V. dahliae . Together, these results demonstrate that  Hcm1  could activate innate immunity and inhibit the growth of  V. dahliae  and  F. oxysporum  to protect cotton against Verticillium and Fusarium wilts.

Constitutive expression of a novel antimicrobial protein, Hcm1, confers resistance to both Verticillium and Fusarium wilts in cotton