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We developed a new electrode comprising thin carbon layer coated hierarchical NiCo 2 S 4  core-shell nanowire arrays (NiCo 2 S 4 @C CSNAs) on graphene/Ni foam (Ni@G) substrates. The electrode showed outstanding electrochemical characteristics including a high specific capacitance of 253 mAh g −1  at 3 A g −1 , high rate capability of 163 mAh g −1  at 50 A g −1  (~64.4% of that at 3 A g −1 ), and long-term cycling stability with a capacity retention of 93.9% after 5000 cycles. Comparative studies on the degradation of hierarchical NiCo 2 S 4  CSNA electrodes with and without carbon coatings revealed that the morphology pulverization, structural separation at core/shell interface, and irretrievably chemical composition change of NiCo 2 S 4  CSNAs electrode are major factors that deteriorate the electrochemical performance of the electrodes without carbon coating. The favorable roles of carbon coatings on hierarchical NiCo 2 S 4  CSNAs were further clarified: (1) serving as a physical buffering layer that suppresses the structural breakdown; (2) retarding the chemical composition conversion of the NiCo 2 S 4  CSNAs; and (3) providing extra path for charge transition in addition to the NiCo 2 S 4  core nanowires. Understanding of the degradation mechanisms and the significance of the surface carbon coatings would provide useful guidelines for the design of new electrode materials for high-performance electrochemical devices.

scientific reports

Electrochemical Energy Storage Application and Degradation Analysis of Carbon-Coated Hierarchical NiCo2S4 Core-Shell Nanowire Arrays Grown Directly on Graphene/Nickel Foam