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Tropical carnivorous plant,  Nepenthes , locally known as “monkey cup”, utilises its pitcher as a passive trap to capture insects. It then secretes enzymes into the pitcher fluid to digest the insects for nutrients acquisition. However, little is known about the microbiota and their activity in its pitcher fluid. Eighteen bacteria phyla were detected from the metagenome study in the  Nepenthes  pitcher fluid.  Proteobacteria ,  Bacteroidetes  and  Actinobacteria  are the dominant phyla in the  Nepenthes  pitcher fluid. We also performed culturomics approach by isolating 18 bacteria from the  Nepenthes  pitcher fluid. Most of the bacterial isolates possess chitinolytic, proteolytic, amylolytic, and cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. Fifteen putative chitinase genes were identified from the whole genome analysis on the genomes of the 18 bacteria isolated from  Nepenthes  pitcher fluid and expressed for chitinase assay. Of these, six clones possessed chitinase activity. In conclusion, our metagenome result shows that the  Nepenthes  pitcher fluid contains vast bacterial diversity and the culturomic studies confirmed the presence of biocatalytic bacteria within the  Nepenthes  pitcher juice which may act in symbiosis for the turn over of insects trapped in the  Nepenthes  pitcher fluid.

Microbiome and Biocatalytic Bacteria in Monkey Cup (Nepenthes Pitcher) Digestive Fluid