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A 3.5-year field experiment was conducted in a subtropical degraded shrubland to assess how a nurse plant, the native shrub  Rhodomyrtus tomentosa , affects the growth of the target trees  Pinus elliottii ,  Schima superba ,  Castanopsis fissa , and  Michelia macclurei , and to probe the intrinsic mechanisms from leaf chemical composition, construction cost (CC), and payback time aspects. We compared tree seedlings grown nearby shrub canopy (canopy subplots, CS) and in open space (open subplots, OS).  S. superba  in CS showed greater growth, while  P. elliottii  and  M. macclurei  were lower when compared to the plants grown in the OS. The reduced levels of high-cost compounds (proteins) and increased levels of low-cost compounds (organic acids) caused reduced CC values for  P. elliottii  growing in CS. While, the levels of both low-cost minerals and high-cost proteins increased in CS such that CC values of  S. superba  were similar in OS and CS. Based on maximum photosynthetic rates,  P. elliottii  required a longer payback time to construct required carbon in canopy than in OS, but the opposite was true for  S. superba . The information from this study can be used to evaluate the potential of different tree species in the reforestation of subtropical degraded shrublands.

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Schima superba outperforms other tree species by changing foliar chemical composition and shortening construction payback time when facilitated by shrubs