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We report the observation of tunable spin-orbit coupling (SOC) for ultracold$^{87}$Rb atoms in hyperfine spin-1 states. Different from most earlierexperiments where atomic SOC of pseudo-spin-1/2 are synthesized with Ramancoupling lasers, the scheme we demonstrate employs a gradient magnetic field(GMF) with ground state atoms and is immune to atomic spontaneous emission. Theeffect of the SOC is confirmed through the studies of: 1) the collective dipoleoscillation of an atomic condensate in a harmonic trap after the synthesizedSOC is abruptly turned on; and 2) the minimum energy state at a finiteadiabatically adjusted momentum when the SOC strength is slowly ramped up. Thecoherence properties of the spinor condensates remain very good afterinteracting with modulating GMFs, which prompts the enthusiastic claim that ourwork provides a new repertoire for synthesized gauge fields aimed at quantumsimulation studies with cold atoms.

Tunable spin-orbit coupling synthesized with a modulating gradient magnetic field