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Twenty-six imprinted genes were quantified in bovine  in vivo  produced oocytes and embryos using RNA-seq. Eighteen were detectable and their transcriptional patterns were: largely decreased ( MEST  and  PLAGL1) ; first decreased and then increased ( CDKN1C  and  IGF2R) ; peaked at a specific stage ( PHLDA2 ,  SGCE, PEG10, PEG3, GNAS, MEG3, DGAT1 ,  ASCL2 ,  NNAT , and  NAP1L5) ; or constantly low ( DIRAS3 ,  IGF2 ,  H19  and  RTL1) . These patterns reflect mRNAs that are primarily degraded, important at a specific stage, or only required at low quantities. The mRNAs for several genes were surprisingly abundant. For instance, transcripts for the maternally imprinted  MEST  and  PLAGL1,  were high in oocytes and could only be expressed from the maternal allele suggesting that their genomic imprints were not yet established/recognized. Although the mRNAs detected here were likely biallelically transcribed before the establishment of imprinted expression, the levels of mRNA during these critical stages of development have important functional consequences. Lastly, we compared these genes to their counterparts in mice, humans and pigs. Apart from previously known differences in the imprinting status, the mRNA levels were different among these four species. The data presented here provide a solid reference for expression profiles of imprinted genes in embryos produced using assisted reproductive biotechnologies.

mRNA Levels of Imprinted Genes in Bovine In Vivo Oocytes, Embryos and Cross Species Comparisons with Humans, Mice and Pigs