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In plant cell, cations gradient in cellular compartments is maintained by synergistic action of various exchangers, pumps and channels. The  Arabidopsis  exchanger family members (AtCCX3 and AtCCX5) were previously studied and belong to CaCA (calcium cation exchangers) superfamily while none of the rice CCXs has been functionally characterized for their cation transport activities till date. Rice genome encode four CCXs and only  OsCCX2  transcript showed differential expression under abiotic stresses and Ca 2+  starvation conditions. The OsCCX2 localized to tonoplast and suppresses the Ca 2+  sensitivity of K667 (low affinity Ca 2+  uptake deficient) yeast mutant under excess CaCl 2  conditions. In contrast to AtCCXs, OsCCX2 expressing K667 yeast cells show tolerance towards excess Na + , Li + , Fe 2+ , Zn 2+  and Co 2+  and suggest its ability to transport both mono as well as divalent cations in yeast. Additionally, in contrast to previously characterized AtCCXs, OsCCX2 is unable to complement yeast  trk1trk2  double mutant suggesting inability to transport K +  in yeast system. These finding suggest that OsCCX2 having distinct metal transport properties than previously characterized plant CCXs. OsCCX2 can be used as potential candidate for enhancing the abiotic stress tolerance in plants as well as for phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soil.

A rice tonoplastic calcium exchanger, OsCCX2 mediates Ca2+/cation transport in yeast