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Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy is a powerful technique for investigating lattice dynamics of nanoscale systems including graphene and small molecules, but establishing a stable tunnel junction is considered as a major hurdle in expanding the scope of tunneling experiments. Hexagonal boron nitride is a pivotal component in two-dimensional Van der Waals heterostructures as a high-quality insulating material due to its large energy gap and chemical-mechanical stability. Here we present planar graphene/ h -BN-heterostructure tunneling devices utilizing thin  h -BN as a tunneling insulator. With much improved  h -BN-tunneling-junction stability, we are able to probe all possible phonon modes of  h -BN and graphite/graphene at  Γ  and  K  high symmetry points by inelastic tunneling spectroscopy. Additionally, we observe that low-frequency out-of-plane vibrations of  h -BN and graphene lattices are significantly modified at heterostructure interfaces. Equipped with an external back gate, we can also detect high-order coupling phenomena between phonons and plasmons, demonstrating that  h -BN-based tunneling device is a wonderful playground for investigating electron-phonon couplings in low-dimensional systems.

Vibrational Properties of h-BN and h-BN-Graphene Heterostructures Probed by Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy