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Under consecutive monoculture, the biomass and quality of  Rehmannia glutinosa  declines significantly. Consecutive monoculture of  R. glutinosa  in a four-year field trial led to significant growth inhibition. Most phenolic acids in root exudates had cumulative effects over time under sterile conditions, but these effects were not observed in the rhizosphere under monoculture conditions. It suggested soil microbes might be involved in the degradation and conversion of phenolic acids from the monocultured plants. T-RFLP and qPCR analysis demonstrated differences in both soil bacterial and fungal communities during monoculture. Prolonged monoculture significantly increased levels of  Fusarium oxysporum , but decreased levels of  Pseudomonas  spp. Abundance of beneficial  Pseudomonas  spp. with antagonistic activity against  F. oxysporum  was lower in extended monoculture soils. Phenolic acid mixture at a ratio similar to that found in the rhizosphere could promote mycelial growth, sporulation, and toxin (3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-O-Acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol) production of pathogenic  F. oxysporum  while inhibiting growth of the beneficial  Pseudomonas  sp. W12. This study demonstrates that extended monoculture can alter the microbial community of the rhizosphere, leading to relatively fewer beneficial microorganisms and relatively more pathogenic and toxin-producing microorganisms, which is mediated by the root exudates.

Plant-microbe rhizosphere interactions mediated by Rehmannia glutinosa root exudates under consecutive monoculture