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Mutualistic ants can protect their partners from natural enemies in nature.  Aenasius bambawalei  is an important parasitoid of the the invasive mealybug  Phenacoccus solenopsis . We hypothesized that mutualism between native ants and mealybugs would favor survival of mealybugs. To test this, we examined effects of tending by the native mutualistic ant  Tapinoma melanocephalum  on growth of  P. solenopsis  colonies on Chinese hibiscus,  Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , in a field setting. Ant workers with access to honeydew of mealybugs lived much longer than those provisioned only with water in the laboratory, and number of ant workers foraging increased significantly with growth of mealybug colonies in the field. In later observations, there were significant differences in densities of mealybugs between ant-tended and -excluded treatments. Survival rate of mealybugs experiencing parasitoid attack was significantly higher on ant-tended plants than on ant-excluded plants. When the parasitoid was excluded, there was no difference in survival rate of mealybugs between ant-tended and -excluded plants. In most cases, ants directly attacked the parasitoid, causing the parasitoid to take evasive action. We conclude that native ants such as  T. melanocephalum  have the potential to facilitate invasion and spread of  P. solenopsis  in China by providing them with protection from parasitoids.

The native ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum, improves the survival of an invasive mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis, by defending it from parasitoids