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Collembolans are common soil arthropods that may be exposed to insecticidal proteins produced in genetically engineered (GE) plants by ingestion of crop residues or root exudates. In the present study, a dietary exposure assay was validated and used to assess the lethal and sublethal effects of two  Bacillus thuringiensis  ( Bt ) insecticidal proteins, Cry1C and Cry2A, on  Folsomia candida . Using the insecticidal compounds potassium arsenate (PA), protease inhibitor (E-64), and  Galanthus nivalis  agglutinin (GNA) mixed into Baker’s yeast, we show that the assay used can detect adverse effects on  F. candida . Survival and development were significantly reduced when  F. candida  was fed a diet containing PA, E-64, and GNA at 9, 75, and 100 μg/g diet, respectively, but not when fed a diet containing 300 μg/g Cry1C or 600 μg/g Cry2A. The activities of test antioxidant-, detoxification-, and digestion-related enzymes in  F. candida  were unaltered by a diet containing 300 μg/g Cry1C or 600 μg/g Cry2A, but were significantly increased by a diet containing 75 μg/g E-64. The results confirm that Cry1C and Cry2A are not toxic to  F. candida  at concentrations that are much higher than those encountered under field conditions.

Toxicological and biochemical analyses demonstrate no toxic effect of Cry1C and Cry2A to Folsomia candida