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Knowledge about the impact of altitude and ethnicity on human gut microbiota is currently limited. In this study, fecal microbiota from 12 Tibetans (T group), 11 Chinese Han living in Tibet (HH group) and 12 Chinese Han living in Shaanxi province (LH group) were profiled by 454 pyrosequencing. Analysis of UniFrac principal coordinates showed significant structural changes in fecal microbiota among the three groups. There were significant differences in the composition of fecal microbiota among the three groups at phylum and genus levels. At the phylum level, the fecal samples of HH and T groups had higher relative abundances of  Firmicutes , whereas the LH group had a higher relative abundance of  Bacteroidetes . These changes at the phylum level reflected different dominant genus compositions. Compared with the LH group, changes of  Firmicutes  and  Bacteroidetes  were mainly due to a significant decrease of  Prevotella  in the HH group and were primarily attributable to significant decreases of  Bacteroides  and  Prevotella  as well as a significant increase of  Catenibacterium  in the T group. In conclusion, our results suggest that high altitude may contribute to shaping human gut microbiota. Genetic and dietary factors may also explain the different microbiota compositions between Tibetan and Chinese Han.

Comparative analyses of fecal microbiota in Tibetan and Chinese Han living at low or high altitude by barcoded 454 pyrosequencing