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Widespread resistance to pyrethroids threatens malaria control in Africa. Consequently, several countries switched to carbamates and organophophates insecticides for indoor residual spraying. However, a mutation in the  ace-1  gene conferring resistance to these compounds ( ace-1   R   allele), is already present. Furthermore, a duplicated allele ( ace-1   D  ) recently appeared; characterizing its selective advantage is mandatory to evaluate the threat. Our data revealed that a unique duplication event, pairing a susceptible and a resistant copy of the  ace-1  gene spread through West Africa. Further investigations revealed that, while  ace-1   D   confers less resistance than  ace-1   R  , the high fitness cost associated with  ace-1   R   is almost completely suppressed by the duplication for all traits studied.  ace-1  duplication thus represents a permanent heterozygote phenotype, selected, and thus spreading, due to the mosaic nature of mosquito control. It provides malaria mosquito with a new evolutionary path that could hamper resistance management.

An ace-1 gene duplication resorbs the fitness cost associated with resistance in Anopheles gambiae, the main malaria mosquito