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Topological insulators (TIs) are an unusual phase of quantum matter withnontrivial spin-momentum locked topological surface states (TSS). Theelectrical detection of spin-momentum locking of the TSS in 3D TIs has beenlacking till very recently. Many of the results are measured on samples withsignificant bulk conduction, such as metallic Bi2Se3, where it can bechallenging to separate the surface and bulk contribution to the measured spinsignal. Here, we report spin potentiometric measurements in thin flakesexfoliated from bulk insulating 3D TI Bi2Te2Se (BTS221) crystals, using twooutside nonmagnetic (Au) contacts for driving a DC spin helical current and amiddle ferromagnetic (FM)-Al2O3 tunneling contact for detecting spinpolarization. The voltage measured by the FM electrode exhibits a hystereticstep-like change when sweeping an in-plane magnetic field between oppositedirections along the easy axis of the FM contact to switch its magnetization.Importantly, the direction of this step-like voltage change can be reversed byreversing the direction of the DC current, and the amplitude of the change asmeasured by the difference in the detector voltage between opposite FMmagnetization increases linearly with increasing bias current, consistent withthe current-induced spin polarization of spin-momentum-locked TSS. Our workdirectly demonstrates the electrical injection and detection of spinpolarization in TI and may enable utilization of spin-helical TSS for futureapplications in nanoelectronics and spintronics.

Electrical injection and detection of spin-polarized currents in topological insulator Bi2Te2Se