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Ion channels and pumps are responsible for ion flux in cells, and are key mechanisms mediating cellular function. Many environmental stressors, such as salinity and acidification, are known to severely disrupt ionic balance of organisms thereby challenging fitness of natural populations. Although ion channels can have several vital functions during early life-stages (e.g. embryogenesis), it is currently not known i) how developing embryos maintain proper intracellular conditions when exposed to environmental stress and ii) to what extent environmental stress can drive intra-specific divergence in ion channels. Here we studied the moor frog,  Rana arvalis , from three divergent populations to investigate the role of different ion channels and pumps for embryonic survival under acid stress (pH 4  vs  7.5) and whether populations adapted to contrasting acidities differ in the relative role of different ion channel/pumps. We found that ion channels that mediate Ca 2+  influx are essential for embryonic survival under acidic pH, and, intriguingly, that populations differ in calcium channel function. Our results suggest that adaptive divergence in embryonic acid stress tolerance of amphibians may in part be mediated by Ca 2+  balance. We suggest that ion flux may mediate adaptive divergence of natural populations at early life-stages in the face of environmental stress.

Acid stress mediated adaptive divergence in ion channel function during embryogenesis in Rana arvalis