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Aquifex aeolicus  is a hyperthermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing and carbon-fixing bacterium that can grow at temperatures up to 95 °C.  A. aeolicus  has an almost complete set of flagellar genes that are conserved in bacteria. Here we observed that  A. aeolicus  has polar flagellum and can swim with a speed of 90 μm s −1  at 85 °C. We expressed the  A. aeolicus mot  genes ( motA  and  motB ), which encode the torque generating stator proteins of the flagellar motor, in a corresponding  mot  nonmotile mutant of  Escherichia coli . Its motility was slightly recovered by expression of  A. aeolicus  MotA and chimeric MotB whose periplasmic region was replaced with that of  E. coli . A point mutation in the  A. aeolicus  MotA cytoplasmic region remarkably enhanced the motility. Using this system in  E. coli , we demonstrate that the  A. aeolicus  motor is driven by Na + . As motor proteins from hyperthermophilic bacteria represent the earliest motor proteins in evolution, this study strongly suggests that ancient bacteria used Na +  for energy coupling of the flagellar motor. The Na + -driven flagellar genes might have been laterally transferred from early-branched bacteria into late-branched bacteria and the interaction surfaces of the stator and rotor seem not to change in evolution.

Sodium-driven energy conversion for flagellar rotation of the earliest divergent hyperthermophilic bacterium