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Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and nitric oxide (NO) are emerging as messenger molecules involved in the modulation of plant physiological processes. Here, we investigated a signalling network involving H 2 S and NO in salt tolerance pathway of barley. NaHS, a donor of H 2 S, at a low concentration of either 50 or 100 μM, had significant rescue effects on the 150 mM NaCl-induced inhibition of plant growth and modulated the K + /Na +  balance by decreasing the net K +  efflux and increasing the gene expression of an inward-rectifying potassium channel ( HvAKT1 ) and a high-affinity K +  uptake system ( HvHAK4 ). H 2 S and NO maintained the lower Na +  content in the cytoplast by increasing the amount of PM H + -ATPase, the transcriptional levels of PM H + -ATPase ( HvHA1 ) and Na + /H +  antiporter ( HvSOS1 ). H 2 S and NO modulated Na +  compartmentation into the vacuoles with up-regulation of the transcriptional levels of vacuolar Na + /H +  antiporter ( HvVNHX2 ) and H + -ATPase subunit β ( HvVHA-β ) and increased in the protein expression of vacuolar Na + /H +  antiporter (NHE1). H 2 S mimicked the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) by increasing NO production, whereas the function was quenched with the addition of NO scavenger. These results indicated that H 2 S increased salt tolerance by maintaining ion homeostasis, which were mediated by the NO signal.

Hydrogen sulfide enhances salt tolerance through nitric oxide-mediated maintenance of ion homeostasis in barley seedling roots