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Ramisyllis multicaudata  is a member of Syllidae (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocida) with a remarkable branching body plan. Using a next-generation sequencing approach, the complete mitochondrial genomes of  R. multicaudata  and  Trypanobia  sp. are sequenced and analysed, representing the first ones from Syllidae. The gene order in these two syllids does not follow the order proposed as the putative ground pattern in Errantia. The phylogenetic relationships of  R. multicaudata  are discerned using a phylogenetic approach with the nuclear  18S  and the mitochondrial  16S  and  cox1  genes.  Ramisyllis multicaudata  is the sister group of a clade containing  Trypanobia  species. Both genera,  Ramisyllis  and  Trypanobia , together with  Parahaplosyllis ,  Trypanosyllis, Eurysyllis,  and  Xenosyllis  are located in a long branched clade. The long branches are explained by an accelerated mutational rate in the  18S  rRNA gene. Using a phylogenetic backbone, we propose a scenario in which the postembryonic addition of segments that occurs in most syllids, their huge diversity of reproductive modes, and their ability to regenerate lost parts, in combination, have provided an evolutionary basis to develop a new branching body pattern as realised in  Ramisyllis .

The making of a branching annelid: an analysis of complete mitochondrial genome and ribosomal data of Ramisyllis multicaudata