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Photocatalysts produce free radicals upon receiving light energy; thus, they possess antibacterial properties. Silver (Ag) is an antibacterial material that disrupts bacterial physiology. Our previous study reported that the high antibacterial property of silver nanoparticles on the surfaces of visible light-responsive nitrogen-doped TiO 2  photocatalysts [TiO 2 (N)] could be further enhanced by visible light illumination. However, the major limitation of this Ag-TiO 2  composite material is its durability; the antibacterial property decreased markedly after repeated use. To overcome this limitation, we developed TiO 2 (N)/Ag/TiO 2 (N) sandwich films in which the silver is embedded between two TiO 2 (N) layers. Various characteristics, including silver and nitrogen amounts, were examined in the composite materials. Various analyses, including electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum and methylene blue degradation rate analyses, were performed. The antibacterial properties of the composite materials were investigated. Here we revealed that the antibacterial durability of these thin films is substantially improved in both the dark and visible light, by which bacteria, such as  Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus,  and  Acinetobacter baumannii , could be efficiently eliminated. This study demonstrated a feasible approach to improve the visible-light responsiveness and durability of antibacterial materials that contain silver nanoparticles impregnated in TiO 2 (N) films.

Antibacterial property of Ag nanoparticle-impregnated N-doped titania films under visible light