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Flying insects use olfaction to navigate towards fruits in complex odor environments with remarkable accuracy. Some fruits change odor profiles substantially during ripening and related species can prefer different stages. In  Drosophila  species attractive odorants have been studied extensively, but little is understood about the role of avoidance pathways. In order to examine the role of the avoidance cue CO 2  emitted from fruit on behavior of two species with different ripening stage preferences, we investigated the CO 2 -detection pathway in  Drosophila melanogaster  and  Drosophila suzukii , a harmful pest of fruits. Avoidance to CO 2  is not conserved in  D. suzukii  suggesting a behavioral adaptation that could facilitate attraction to younger fruit with higher CO 2  emission levels. We investigated known innate avoidance pathways from five species at different evolutionary distances:  D. melanogaster, D. yakuba, D. suzukii, D. pseudoobscura  and  D. virilis . Surprisingly, only DEET shows strong repellency across all species, whereas CO 2 , citronellal and ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate show only limited conservation. These findings guide us to test recently discovered safe DEET substitutes, and we identify one that protects fruits from  D. suzukii  thus providing a new behavioral strategy for controlling agricultural pests.

Conservation of Olfactory Avoidance in Drosophila Species and Identification of Repellents for Drosophila suzukii