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Apterous A  ( apA ), a member of the LIM-homeobox gene family, plays a critical role in the development of wing. The achaete-scute Complex (AS-C) encodes basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors and functions in bristle development. In the present study, we cloned  apA  ( NlapA ) and an achaete-scute homologue ( NlASH ) from  N. lugens . Levels of  NlapA  and  NlASH  were higher in nymphs than adults, with particularly high expression in the thorax of nymphs.  NlapA  expressed more highly in nymphs of the macropterous strain (MS) than those of the brachypterous strain (BS) at 2 nd  and 4 th  instar. Knockdown of  NlapA  and  NlASH in vivo  generated similar phenotypic defects in the wing (loss-of-bristles, twisted or erect wing). Silencing of  NlapA  in nymphs of MS led to decreased wing size in adults. Moreover, depletion of  NlapA  suppressed expression of  NlDl ,  Nlsal ,  Nlser ,  Nlvg  and  Nlwg , both in MS and BS, but induced differential responses of  Nlubx  and  Nlnotch  expression between MS and BS. Notably, expression of  NlASH  was regulated by  NlapA . These results collectively indicate that  NlapA  is an upstream modulator of wing size, bristle formation and patterning. Further studies on DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions are required to elucidate  NlapA -mediated regulation of wing development.

Apterous A modulates wing size, bristle formation and patterning in Nilaparvata lugens