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Transcriptional control of the cell cycle by forkhead (Fkh) transcription factors is likely associated with fungal adaptation to host and environment. Here we show that Fkh2, an ortholog of yeast Fkh1/2, orchestrates cell cycle and many cellular events of  Beauveria bassiana , a filamentous fungal insect pathogen. Deletion of  Fkh2  in  B. bassiana  resulted in dramatic down-regulation of the cyclin-B gene cluster and hence altered cell cycle (longer G 2 /M and S, but shorter G 0 /G 1 , phases) in unicellular blastospores. Consequently, Δ Fkh2  produced twice as many, but smaller, blastospores than wild-type under submerged conditions, and formed denser septa and shorter/broader cells in aberrantly branched hyphae. In these hyphae, clustered genes required for septation and conidiation were remarkedly up-regulated, followed by higher yield and slower germination of aerial conidia. Moreover, Δ Fkh2  displayed attenuated virulence and decreased tolerance to chemical and environmental stresses, accompanied with altered transcripts and activities of phenotype-influencing proteins or enzymes. All the changes in Δ Fkh2  were restored by  Fkh2  complementation. All together, Fkh2-dependent transcriptional control is vital for the adaptation of  B .  bassiana  to diverse habitats of host insects and hence contributes to its biological control potential against arthropod pests.

Transcriptional control of fungal cell cycle and cellular events by Fkh2, a forkhead transcription factor in an insect pathogen