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The relationship between bone and skeletal muscle mass may be affected by physical training. No studies have prospectively examined the bone and skeletal muscle responses to a short controlled exercise-training programme. We hypothesised that a short exercise-training period would affect muscle and bone mass together. Methods: Femoral bone and  Rectus femoris  Volumes (RF VOL ) were determined by magnetic resonance imaging in 215 healthy army recruits, and bone mineral density (BMD) by Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and repeated after 12 weeks of regulated physical training. Results: Pre-training, RF VOL  was smaller in smokers than non-smokers (100.9 ± 20.2 vs. 108.7 ± 24.5, p = 0.018; 96.2 ± 16.9 vs. 104.8 ± 21.3, p = 0.002 for dominant/non-dominant limbs), although increases in RF VOL  with training (of 14.2 ± 14.5% and 13.2 ± 15.6%] respectively, p < 0.001) were independent of prior smoking status. Pre-training RF VOL  was related to bone cortical volume (r 2  = 0.21 and 0.30, p < 0.001 for dominant and non-dominant legs), and specifically to periosteal (r 2  = 0.21 and 0.23, p < 0.001) volume. Pre-training dominant RF VOL  was independently associated with Total Hip BMD (p < 0.001). Training-related increases in RF VOL  and bone volumes were related. Whilst smokers demonstrated lower muscle mass than non-smokers, differences were abolished with training. Training-related increases in muscle mass were related to increases in periosteal bone volume in both dominant and non-dominant legs.

The Relationship Between Lower Limb Bone and Muscle in Military Recruits, Response to Physical Training and Influence of Smoking Status