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Many terrestrial plants are C 3  plants that evolved in the Mesozoic Era when atmospheric CO 2  concentrations ([CO 2 ]) were high. Given current conditions, C 3  plants can no longer benefit from high ambient [CO 2 ].  Kaempferia marginata  Carey is a unique understory ginger plant in the tropical dry forests of Thailand. The plant has two large flat leaves that spread on the soil surface. We found a large difference in [CO 2 ] between the partly closed space between the soil surface and the leaves (638 µmol mol −1 ) and the atmosphere at 20 cm above ground level (412 µmol mol −1 ). This finding indicates that the plants capture CO 2  efflux from the soil. Almost all of the stomata are located on the abaxial leaf surface. When ambient air [CO 2 ] was experimentally increased from 400 to 600 μmol mol −1 , net photosynthetic rates increased by 45 to 48% under near light-saturated conditions. No significant increase was observed under low light conditions. These data demonstrate that the unique leaf structure enhances carbon gain by trapping soil CO 2  efflux at stomatal sites under relatively high light conditions, suggesting that ambient air [CO 2 ] can serve as an important selective agent for terrestrial C 3  plants.

Effective use of high CO2 efflux at the soil surface in a tropical understory plant