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Contemporary cnidarian-algae symbioses are challenged by increasing CO 2  concentrations (ocean warming and acidification) affecting organisms' biological performance. We examined the natural variability of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the symbiotic sea anemone  Anemonia viridis  to investigate dietary shifts (autotrophy/heterotrophy) along a natural  p CO 2  gradient at the island of Vulcano, Italy. δ 13 C values for both algal symbionts ( Symbiodinium ) and host tissue of  A. viridis  became significantly lighter with increasing seawater  p CO 2 . Together with a decrease in the difference between δ 13 C values of both fractions at the higher  p CO 2  sites, these results indicate there is a greater net autotrophic input to the  A. viridis  carbon budget under high  p CO 2  conditions. δ 15 N values and C/N ratios did not change in  Symbiodinium  and host tissue along the  p CO 2  gradient. Additional physiological parameters revealed anemone protein and  Symbiodinium  chlorophyll  a  remained unaltered among sites.  Symbiodinium  density was similar among sites yet their mitotic index increased in anemones under elevated  p CO 2 . Overall, our findings show that  A. viridis  is characterized by a higher autotrophic/heterotrophic ratio as  p CO 2  increases. The unique trophic flexibility of this species may give it a competitive advantage and enable its potential acclimation and ecological success in the future under increased ocean acidification.

Natural high pCO2 increases autotrophy in Anemonia viridis (Anthozoa) as revealed from stable isotope (C, N) analysis