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The creatine kinase (CK) reaction plays a critical role in skeletal muscle function, and can be studied non-invasively using phosphorus ((31)P) saturation transfer (ST) techniques. However, due to the low MR sensitivity of the (31)P nucleus, most studies on clinically approved magnetic fields (≤3.0 T) have been performed with coarse resolution and limited tissue coverage. However, such methods are not able to detect spatially resolved metabolic heterogeneities, which may be important in diseases of the skeletal muscle. In this study, our aim was to develop and implement a (31)P-MRI method for mapping the kinetics of the CK reaction, and the unidirectional phosphocreatine (PCr) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolic fluxes in muscles of the lower leg on a clinical 3.0 T MR scanner. We imaged the lower leg muscles of ten healthy volunteers (total experimental time: 40 min, nominal voxel sizes 0.5 mL), and found statistically significant differences between the kinetics of the CK reaction among muscle groups. Our developed technique may allow in the future the early detection of focal metabolic abnormalities in diseases that affect the function of the skeletal muscle.

Three-dimensional Saturation Transfer 31P-MRI in Muscles of the Lower Leg at 3.0 T