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Horizontal transfer (HT) of transposable elements has been recognized to be a major force driving genomic variation and biological innovation of eukaryotic organisms. However, the mechanisms of HT in eukaryotes remain poorly appreciated. The non-autonomous  Helitron  family,  Lep 1, has been found to be widespread in lepidopteran species, and showed little interspecific sequence similarity of acquired sequences at 3′ end, which makes  Lep 1 a good candidate for the study of HT. In this study, we describe the  Lep 1-like elements in multiple non-lepidopteran species, including two aphids,  Acyrthosiphon pisum  and  Aphis gossypii , two parasitoid wasps,  Cotesia vestalis , and  Copidosoma floridanum , one beetle,  Anoplophora glabripennis , as well as two bracoviruses in parasitoid wasps, and one intracellular microsporidia parasite,  Nosema bombycis . The patchy distribution and high sequence similarity of  Lep 1-like elements among distantly related lineages as well as incongruence of  Lep 1-like elements and host phylogeny suggest the occurrence of HT. Remarkably, the acquired sequences of both  NbLep 1 from  N. bombycis  and  CfLep 1 from  C. floridanum  showed over 90% identity with their lepidopteran host  Lep 1. Thus, our study provides evidence of HT facilitated by host-parasite interactions. Furthermore, in the context of these data, we discuss the putative directions and vectors of HT of  Lep 1  Helitrons .

Evidence of horizontal transfer of non-autonomous Lep1 Helitrons facilitated by host-parasite interactions