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10 páginas, 4 tablas, 4 figurasThe existence of globally-distributed species with low dispersal capabilities is a paradox that has been\udexplained as a result of human-mediated transport and by hidden diversity in the form of unrecognized\udcryptic species. Both factors are not mutually exclusive, but relatively few studies have demonstrated the\udpresence of both. Here we analyse the genetic patterns of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma listerianum, a\udspecies nowadays distributed globally. The study of a fragment of a mitochondrial gene in localities\udworldwide revealed the existence of multiple cryptic species. In addition, we found a complex geographic\udstructure and multiple clades occurred in sympatry. One of the species showed strong population structure\udirrespective of geographical distances, which is coherent with stochastic dispersal linked to human\udtransport. The present study shows the complexity of discerning the role of cryptic diversity from\udhuman-driven range shifts worldwide, as well as disentangling the effects of natural and artificial dispersal.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science (project\udCTM2010-22218, BENTHOMICS, and a ‘Juan de la Cierva’ contract to R.P.-P.), by the\udEuropean Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013 (project 287844,\udCOCONET, and grant agreement PIOF-GA-2009-254634 to M.R.), and by the Chilean\udGovernment (CONICYT agreement 80122006 to X.T.).Peer reviewe

Cryptic speciation or global spread? The case of a cosmopolitan marine invertebrate with limited dispersal capabilities