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Resonant elastic x-ray scattering (REXS) is an exquisite element-sensitivetool for the study of subtle charge, orbital, and spin superlattice ordersdriven by the valence electrons, which therefore escape detection inconventional x-ray diffraction (XRD). Although the power of REXS has beendemonstrated by numerous studies of complex oxides performed in the soft x-rayregime, the cross section and photon wavelength of the material-specificelemental absorption edges ultimately set the limit to the smallestsuperlattice amplitude and periodicity one can probe. Here we show -- withsimulations and REXS on Mn-substituted Sr$_3$Ru$_2$O$_7$ -- that theselimitations can be overcome by performing resonant scattering experiments atthe absorption edge of a suitably-chosen, dilute impurity. This establishesthat -- in analogy with impurity-based methods used in electron-spin-resonance,nuclear-magnetic resonance, and M\"ossbauer spectroscopy -- randomlydistributed impurities can serve as a non-invasive, but now momentum-dependentprobe, greatly extending the applicability of resonant x-ray scatteringtechniques.

Electronic superlattice revealed by resonant scattering from random impurities in Sr3Ru2O7