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Biological competition is widely believed to result in the evolution ofselfish preferences. The related concept of the `homo economicus' is at thecore of mainstream economics. However, there is also experimental and empiricalevidence for other-regarding preferences. Here we present a theory thatexplains both, self-regarding and other-regarding preferences. Assumingconditions promoting non-cooperative behaviour, we demonstrate thatintergenerational migration determines whether evolutionary competition resultsin a `homo economicus' (showing self-regarding preferences) or a `homosocialis' (having other-regarding preferences). Our model assumes spatiallyinteracting agents playing prisoner's dilemmas, who inherit a trait determining`friendliness', but mutations tend to undermine it. Reproduction is ruled byfitness-based selection without a cultural modification of reproduction rates.Our model calls for a complementary economic theory for `networked minds' (the`homo socialis') and lays the foundations for an evolutionarily grounded theoryof other-regarding agents, explaining individually different utility functionsas well as conditional cooperation.

How Natural Selection Can Create Both Self- and Other-Regarding Preferences, and Networked Minds