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This trial, conducted in a community setting with low income pre-school children, adds to the evidence on the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing caries. It is an area that has undergone extensive study and systematic review. However, the majority of the studies have been conducted on school age children. The Cochrane review 1 included only three studies on pre-school children, with a pooled estimate for the d(m/e)fs prevented fraction (PF) of 33% (95% confidence interval, 19 to 48%; P< 0.0001), which they suggested indicated a substantial benefit of fluoride varnish in the deciduous dentition. The 2001 NIH consensus conference 2 was more circumspect, stating, "The evidence for the benefit of applying fluoride varnish to permanent teeth is generally positive. In contrast, the evidence for effectiveness of fluoride varnish applied to primary teeth is incomplete and inconsistent". The trial was well conducted and sufficiently powered to show differences between the groups despite the protocol violation caused by the provision of placebo varnish which is clearly explained. Those children randomised to the annual application of fluoride varnish had a PF of 58% and those who were randomised to a biannual application a PF of 61%. When analysed according to the number of active fluoride applications received those with one application had a PF of 53%, those with two applications a PF of 58% and those with three of four had a PF of 93%. The PF achieved in this study are much higher than those found in the Cochrane review PF and clearly support the efficacy of this intervention. While the figures for PF are much better than the Cochrane review, the numbers needed to treat (NNT) shown in Table1 are much higher because the trial is looking at the caries free child as an outcome rather than a reduction in caries. The benefit of even a single application of the varnish was shown, as well as a dose-response gradient, a point that is worth nothing in this group of patients, who may well be infrequent attenders.Table 1 The fluoride application was well accepted by the children even under the age of 1 year. While in this study the fluoride application was conducted by a dentist, it is a non-invasive, relatively straightforward procedure that could be performed by other members of the dental team. The use of other members of the team or even other appropriate health centre staff could be an effective way of delivering this effective preventive measure in under-served areas. This trial was included in the evidence reviewed by the American Dental Association for their evidence-based recommendations for professional topical fluoride applications3 (see page 62) who recommended 6-monthly applications of fluoride varnish for all except those at low risk of dental caries in line with other evidence-based guidelines.4,5 This is a recommendation that I would wholeheartedly support. Topical fluoride varnish should be applied to the dentition at least twice yearly for pre-school children assessed at increased risk of dental caries.

Arthrocentesis with sodium hyaluronate is more effective than arthrocentesis alone in temporomandibular joint treatment