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The topological structure of vacuum is the cornerstone of non-Abelian gaugetheories describing strong and electroweak interactions within the standardmodel of particle physics. However, transitions between different topologicalsectors of the vacuum (believed to be at the origin of the baryon asymmetry ofthe Universe) have never been observed directly. An experimental observation ofsuch transitions in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) has become possible inheavy-ion collisions, where the chiral magnetic effect converts the chiralasymmetry (generated by topological transitions in hot QCD matter) into anelectric current, under the presence of the magnetic field produced by thecolliding ions. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider program on heavy-ioncollisions such as the Zr-Zr and Ru-Ru isobars, thus has the potential touncover the topological structure of vacuum in a laboratory experiment. Thisdiscovery would have far-reaching implications for the understanding of QCD,the origin of the baryon asymmetry in the present-day Universe, and for otherareas, including condensed matter physics.

Chiral magnetic effect reveals the topology of gauge fields in heavy-ion collisions