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Heterogeneous media diffusion is often described using position-dependentdiffusion coefficients and estimated indirectly through mean squareddisplacement in experiments. This approach may overlook other mechanisms andtheir interaction with position-dependent diffusion, potentially leading toerroneous conclusions. Here, we introduce a hybrid diffusion model that mergesa position-dependent diffusion coefficient with the trapping mechanism of thecomb model. We derive exact solutions for position distributions and meansquared displacements, validated through simulations of Langevin equations. Ourmodel shows that the trapping mechanism attenuates the impact of mediaheterogeneity. Superdiffusion occurs when the position-dependent coefficientincreases superlinearly, while subdiffusion occurs for sublinear and inversepower-law relations. This nontrivial interplay between heterogeneity andstate-independent mechanisms also leads to anomalous yet Brownian andnon-Brownian yet Gaussian regimes. These findings emphasize the need forcautious interpretations of experiments and highlight the limitations ofrelying solely on mean squared displacements or position distributions fordiffusion characterization.

Interplay between particle trapping and heterogeneity in anomalous diffusion