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Dynamically driven interacting quantum many-body systems have the potentialto exhibit properties that defy the laws of equilibrium statistical mechanics.A widely studied model is the impulsively driven antiferromagnetic Mottinsulator, which is predicted to realize exotic transient phenomena includingdynamical phase transitions into thermally forbidden states and highlynon-thermal magnon distributions. However such far-from-equilibrium regimes,where conventional time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau descriptions fail, areexperimentally challenging to prepare and to probe especially in solid statesystems. Here we use a combination of time-resolved second harmonic opticalpolarimetry and coherent magnon spectroscopy to interrogate $n$-typephoto-doping induced ultrafast magnetic order parameter dynamics in the Mottinsulator Sr$_2$IrO$_4$. We uncover an unusual far-from-equilibrium criticalregime in which the divergences of the magnetic correlation length andrelaxation time are decoupled. This violation of conventional thermal criticalbehavior arises from the interplay of photo-doping and non-thermal magnonpopulation induced demagnetization effects. Our findings, embodied in anon-equilibrium "phase diagram", provide a blueprint for engineering theout-of-equilibrium properties of quantum matter, with potential applications toterahertz spintronics technologies.

Decoupling of static and dynamic criticality in a driven Mott insulator