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Histidine (His) residues represent versatile motifs for designing protein-protein interactions because the protonation state of the imidazole group of His is the only moiety in protein to be significantly pH dependent under physiological conditions. Here we show that, by the designed His motifs nearby the  C   4   axes, ferritin nanocages arrange in crystals with a simple cubic stacking pattern. The X-ray crystal structures obtained at pH 4.0, 7.0, and 9.0 in conjunction with thermostability analyses reveal the strength of the π–π interactions between two adjacent protein nanocages can be fine-tuned by pH. By using the crystal structural information as a guide, we constructed 3D protein frameworks in solution by a combination of the relatively weak His–His interaction and Ni 2+ -participated metal coordination with Glu residues from two adjacent protein nanocages. These findings open up a new way of organizing protein building blocks into 3D protein crystalline frameworks.

Converting histidine-induced 3D protein arrays in crystals into their 3D analogues in solution by metal coordination cross-linking