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Previously, we have shown that the translocation of Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) transcription factor from the nucleus to the cytoplasm triggers the switch from canonical Wnt signaling for epidermal differentiation to non-canonical Wnt signaling for epithelial morphogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism that underlies the cytoplasmic localization of GRHL3 protein and that activates non-canonical Wnt signaling is not known. Here, we show that ubiquitin-specific protease 39 (USP39), a deubiquitinating enzyme, is involved in the subcellular localization of GRHL3 as a potential GRHL3-interacting protein and is necessary for epithelial morphogenesis to up-regulate expression of planar cell polarity (PCP) components. Notably, mouse  Usp39 -deficient embryos display early embryonic lethality due to a failure in primitive streak formation and apico-basal polarity in epiblast cells, resembling those of mutant embryos of the  Prickle1  gene, a crucial PCP component. Current findings provide unique insights into how differentiation and morphogenesis are coordinated to construct three-dimensional complex structures via USP39.

USP39 is essential for mammalian epithelial morphogenesis through upregulation of planar cell polarity components