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Membrane lipid remodeling contributes to the environmental acclimation of plants. In the green lineage, a betaine lipid, diacylglyceryl- N , N , N -trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), is included exclusively among green algae and nonflowering plants. Here, we show that the green alga  Chlorella kessleri  synthesizes DGTS under phosphorus-deficient conditions through the eukaryotic pathway via the ER. Simultaneously, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, which are similar to DGTS in their zwitterionic properties, are almost completely degraded to release 18.1% cellular phosphorus, and to provide diacylglycerol moieties for a part of DGTS synthesis. This lipid remodeling system that substitutes DGTS for extrachloroplast phospholipids to lower the P-quota operates through the expression induction of the  BTA1  gene. Investigation of this lipid remodeling system is necessary in a wide range of lower green plants for a comprehensive understanding of their phosphorus deficiency acclimation strategies.

Diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine-dependent lipid remodeling in a green alga, Chlorella kessleri