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The cryptic parasite  Sparganum proliferum  proliferates in humans and invades tissues and organs. Only scattered cases have been reported, but  S. proliferum  infection is always fatal. However,  S. proliferum ’s phylogeny and life cycle remain enigmatic. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships between  S. proliferum  and other cestode species, and to examine the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity, we sequenced the entire genomes of  S. proliferum  and a closely related non–life-threatening tapeworm  Spirometra erinaceieuropaei . Additionally, we performed larvae transcriptome analyses of  S. proliferum  plerocercoid to identify genes involved in asexual reproduction in the host. The genome sequences confirmed that the  S. proliferum  has experienced a clearly distinct evolutionary history from  S. erinaceieuropaei . Moreover, we found that nonordinal extracellular matrix coordination allows asexual reproduction in the host, and loss of sexual maturity in  S. proliferum  are responsible for its fatal pathogenicity to humans. Our high-quality reference genome sequences should be valuable for future studies of pseudophyllidean tapeworm biology and parasitism.

Genome of the fatal tapeworm Sparganum proliferum uncovers mechanisms for cryptic life cycle and aberrant larval proliferation