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Bacterial strains of the phylum Planctomycetes occur ubiquitously, but are often found on surfaces of aquatic phototrophs, e.g. alga. Despite slower growth, planctomycetes are not outcompeted by faster-growing bacteria in biofilms on such surfaces; however, strategies allowing them to compensate for slower growth have not yet been investigated. Here, we identified stieleriacines, a class of  N -acylated tyrosines produced by the novel planctomycete  Stieleria maiorica  Mal15 T , and analysed their effects on growth of the producing strain and bacterial species likely co-occurring with strain Mal15 T . Stieleriacines reduced the lag phase of Mal15 T  and either stimulated or inhibited biofilm formation of two bacterial competitors, indicating that Mal15 T  employs stieleriacines to specifically alter microbial biofilm composition. The genetic organisation of the putative stieleriacine biosynthetic cluster in strain Mal15 T  points towards a functional link of stieleriacine biosynthesis to exopolysaccharide-associated protein sorting and biofilm formation.

The planctomycete Stieleria maiorica Mal15T employs stieleriacines to alter the species composition in marine biofilms