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It is still not understood how honey bee parasite changes the gene expression to adapt to the host environment and how the host simultaneously responds to the parasite infection by modifying its own gene expression. To address this question, we studied a trypanosomatid,  Lotmaria passim , which can be cultured in medium and inhabit the honey bee hindgut. We found that  L. passim  decreases mRNAs associated with protein translation, glycolysis, detoxification of radical oxygen species, and kinetoplast respiratory chain to adapt to the anaerobic and nutritionally poor honey bee hindgut during the infection. After the long term infection, the host appears to be in poor nutritional status, indicated by the increase and decrease of  take-out  and  vitellogenin  mRNAs, respectively. Simultaneous gene expression profiling of  L. passim  and honey bee during infection by dual RNA-seq provided insight into how both parasite and host modify their gene expressions.

Trypanosomatid parasite dynamically changes the transcriptome during infection and modifies honey bee physiology