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Insect  Hox3/zen  genes represent an evolutionary hotspot for changes in function and copy number. Single orthologues are required either for early specification or late morphogenesis of the extraembryonic tissues, which protect the embryo. The tandemly duplicated  zen  paralogues of the beetle  Tribolium castaneum  present a unique opportunity to investigate both functions in a single species. We dissect the paralogues’ expression dynamics (transcript and protein) and transcriptional targets (RNA-seq after RNAi) throughout embryogenesis. We identify an unexpected role of Tc-Zen2 in repression of  Tc-zen1 , generating a negative feedback loop that promotes developmental progression. Tc-Zen2 regulation is dynamic, including within co-expressed multigene loci. We also show that extraembryonic development is the major event within the transcriptional landscape of late embryogenesis and provide a global molecular characterization of the extraembryonic serosal tissue. Altogether, we propose that paralogue mutual regulation arose through multiple instances of  zen  subfunctionalization, leading to their complementary extant roles.

Unexpected mutual regulation underlies paralogue functional diversification and promotes epithelial tissue maturation in Tribolium