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Large-scale superconducting quantum computing systems entail high-fidelitycontrol and readout of large numbers of qubits at millikelvin temperatures,resulting in a massive input-output bottleneck. Cryo-electronics, based oncomplementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, may offer a scalableand versatile solution to overcome this bottleneck. However, detrimentaleffects due to cross-coupling between the electronic and thermal noisegenerated during cryo-electronics operation and the qubits need to be avoided.Here we present an ultra-low power radio-frequency (RF) multiplexingcryo-electronics solution operating below 15 mK that allows for control andinterfacing of superconducting qubits with minimal cross-coupling. We benchmarkits performance by interfacing it with a superconducting qubit and observe thatthe qubit's relaxation times ($T_1$) are unaffected, while the coherence times($T_2$) are only minimally affected in both static and dynamic operation. Usingthe multiplexer, single qubit gate fidelities above 99.9%, i.e., well above thethreshold for surface-code based quantum error-correction, can be achieved withappropriate thermal filtering. In addition, we demonstrate the capability oftime-division-multiplexed qubit control by dynamically windowing calibratedqubit control pulses. Our results show that cryo-CMOS multiplexers could beused to significantly reduce the wiring resources for large-scale qubit devicecharacterization, large-scale quantum processor control and quantum errorcorrection protocols.

nature electronics.

Overcoming I/O bottleneck in superconducting quantum computing:  multiplexed qubit control with ultra-low-power, base-temperature cryo-CMOS  multiplexer