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Although seawater is abundant, desalination is energy-intensive andexpensive. Using the sun as an energy source is attractive for desalinatingseawater; however, the performance of state-of-the-art passive devices isunsatisfactory when operated at less than one sun ($<$ $1$ $kW$ $m^{-2}$).Here, we present a completely passive, modular, and low-cost solar thermaldistiller for seawater desalination. Each distillation stage is made of twoopposed hydrophilic layers separated by a hydrophobic microporous membrane, andit does not require further mechanical ancillaries. Under realistic laboratoryand outdoor conditions, we obtained a distillate flow rate of almost $3$ $L$$m^{-2}$ $h^{-1}$ from seawater at less than one sun - twice the yield ofrecent passive device reported in the literature. In perspective, theoreticalmodelling suggests that the distiller has the potential to further doubling thepeak flow rate observed in the current experiments. This layout can satisfyfreshwater needs in isolated and impoverished communities, as well as realizeself-sufficient floating installations or provide freshwater in emergencyconditions.

Passive high-yield seawater desalination at below one sun by modular and low-cost distillation