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The scalable production of two-dimensional (2D) materials is needed to accelerate their adoption to industry. In this work, we present a low-cost in-line and enclosed process of exfoliation based on high-shear mixing to create aqueous dispersions of few-layer graphene, on a large scale with a  Y  w  ~ 100% yield by weight and throughput of  ϕ  ~ 8.3 g h −1 . The in-line process minimises basal plane defects compared to traditional beaker-based shear mixing which we attribute to a reduced Reynolds number, Re ~ 10 5 . We demonstrate highly conductive graphene material with conductivities as high as  σ  ∼ 1.5 × 10 4  S m −1  leading to sheet-resistances as low as  R   s   ∼ 2.6 Ω □ −1  ( t  ∼ 25 μm). The process is ideal for formulating non-toxic, biocompatible and highly concentrated ( c  ∼ 100 mg ml −1 ) inks. We utilise the graphene inks for inkjet printable conductive interconnects and lithium-ion battery anode composites that demonstrate a low-rate lithium storage capability of 370 mAh g −1 , close to the theoretical capacity of graphite. Finally, we demonstrate the biocompatibility of the graphene inks with human colon cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells at high  c  ∼ 1 mg ml −1  facilitating a route for the use of the graphene inks in applications that require biocompatibility at high  c  such as electronic textiles.

Cyclic production of biocompatible few-layer graphene ink with in-line shear-mixing for inkjet-printed electrodes and Li-ion energy storage