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Layered black phosphorous has recently emerged as a promising candidate for next generation nanoelectronic devices. However, the rapid ambient degradation of mechanically exfoliated black phosphorous poses challenges in its practical implementation in scalable devices. As photo-oxidation has been identified as the main cause of degradation, to-date, the strategies employed to protect black phosphorous have relied upon preventing its exposure to atmospheric oxygen. These strategies inhibit access to the material limiting its use. An understanding of the effect of individual wavelengths of the light spectrum can lead to alternatives that do not require the complete isolation of black phosphorous from ambient environment. Here, we determine the influence of discrete wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to infrared on the degradation of black phosphorous. It is shown that the ultraviolet component of the spectrum is primarily responsible for the deterioration of black phosphorous in ambient conditions. Based on these results, new insights into the degradation mechanism have been generated which will enable the handling and operating of black phosphorous in standard fabrication laboratory environments.Black phosphorous degradation: UV light contributes the most to photo-oxidationThe ultraviolet component of the light spectrum contributes significantly to the ambient degradation of ultra-thin black phosphorous. A team led by Sumeet Walia at RMIT University in Melbourne investigated the deterioration of layered black phosphorous under environmental conditions, upon exposure to individual wavelengths of light at progressive time durations. Morphological variations, indicative of material degradation, were found to be most prominent under exposure to 280 nm light, followed by 455 nm light. Conversely, longer wavelengths did not induce any discernible photo-oxidation. These results indicate that ultraviolet light is readily absorbed by black phosphorous resulting in a substantial decline of its electronic properties, whereas blue light causes less severe surface deterioration. An ultraviolet-deficient environment could therefore be instrumental to preventing black phosphorous photo-oxidation, and could be as effective as surface passivation by means of encapsulating layers.

Degradation of black phosphorus is contingent on UV–blue light exposure