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Using lightning flash data from the National Lightning Detection Network with an updated lightning nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emission estimation algorithm in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, we estimate the hourly variations in lightning NO x  emissions for the summer of 2011 and simulate its impact on distributions of tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) across the continental United States. We find that typical summer-time lightning activity across the U.S. Mountain West States (MWS) injects NO x  emissions comparable to those from anthropogenic sources into the troposphere over the region. Comparison of two model simulation cases with and without lightning NO x  emissions show that significant amount of ground-level O 3  in the MWS during the summer can be attributed to the lightning NO X  emissions. The simulated surface-level O 3  from a model configuration incorporating lightning NO x  emissions showed better agreement with the observed values than the model configuration without lightning NO x  emissions. The time periods of significant reduction in bias in simulated O 3  between these two cases strongly correlate with the time periods when lightning activity occurred in the region. The inclusion of lightning NO x  increased daily maximum 8 h O 3  by up to 17 ppb and improved model performance relative to measured surface O 3  mixing ratios in the MWS region. Analysis of model results in conjunction with lidar measurements at Boulder, Colorado during July 2014 corroborated similar impacts of lightning NO x  emissions on O 3  emissions estimated for other summers is comparable to the 2011 air quality. The magnitude of lightning NO x  estimates suggesting that summertime surface-level O 3  levels in the MWS region could be significantly influenced by lightning NO x .

Significant ground-level ozone attributed to lightning-induced nitrogen oxides during summertime over the Mountain West States