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We implement a method from computer sciences to address a challenge inPaleolithic archaeology: how to infer cognition differences from materialculture. Archaeological material culture is linked to cognition: more complexancient technologies are assumed to have required complex cognition. We presentan application of Petri net analysis to compare Neanderthal tar productiontechnologies and tie the results to cognitive requirements. We applied threecomplexity metrics, each relying on their own unique definitions of complexity,to the modelled production sequences. Based on the results, we suggest thatNeanderthal working memory requirements may have been similar to humanpreferences regarding working memory use today. This method also enables us todistinguish the high-order cognitive functions combining traits like planning,inhibitory control, and learnings that were likely required by differentancient technological processes. The Petri net approach can contribute to ourunderstanding of technology and cognitive evolution as it can be used ondifferent materials and technologies, across time and species.

Measuring ancient technological complexity and its cognitive implications using Petri nets