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In this work, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with different transport layerswere fabricated to understand the hysteresis phenomenon under a series of scanrates. The experimental results show that the hysteresis phenomenon would beaffected by the dielectric constant of transport layers and scan ratesignificantly. To explain this, a modified Poisson and drift-diffusion solvercoupled with a fully time-dependent ion migration model is developed to analyzehow the ion migration affects the performance and hysteresis of PSCs. Thesimulation model was optimized for carrier transportation of organic materials,which can simulate the organic transport layer correctly without using heavydoping in simulating the organic transport layer. The modeling results showthat the most crucial factor in the hysteresis behavior is the built-inelectric field of the perovskite. The non-linear hysteresis curves aredemonstrated under different scan rates, and the mechanism of the hysteresisbehavior is explained. The findings reveal why the change in hysteresis degreewith scan rate is Gaussian shaped rather than monotonic. Additionally, otherfactors contributing to the degree of hysteresis are determined to be thedegree of degradation in the perovskite material, the quality of the perovskitecrystal, and the materials of the transport layer, which corresponds to thetotal ion density, carrier lifetime of perovskite, and the dielectric constantof the transport layer, respectively. Finally, it was found that the dielectricconstant of the transport layer is a key factor affecting hysteresis inperovskite solar cells; a lower dielectric constant corresponds to a higherelectric field of the transport layer. Hence, if the electric field of theperovskite material is small, the degree of hysteresis is small and vice versa.

Influences of Dielectric Constant and Scan Rate to Hysteresis Effect in Perovskite Solar Cell: Simulation and Experimental Analyses